Table 2
Summary of Findings Based on Rating Source
Variable Self-ratings Other-ratings Combined ratings
Overall (summary
effect size)
Men rated themselves as significantly more
effective than women.
Women were rated as significantly more
effective than men.
Overall, there was not a
significant gender difference.
Time of study Men rated themselves as significantly more
effective than women rated themselves
prior to 1982.
Women were rated as significantly more
effective than men between 1982 and
2011.
There were no significant
differences across time periods.
Organization type There were no significant differences in
self-ratings of effectiveness across
organization type.
Women were rated as significantly more
effective than men in business and
educational organizations.
Women were rated as significantly
more effective than men in
business; men were rated as
more effective in government
organizations.
Leadership level Men rated themselves as significantly more
effective than women rated themselves
in lower level positions.
Women were rated as significantly more
effective than men in mid-level and
upper level positions.
Women were rated as significantly
more effective than men in midlevel
positions.
Study setting Men rated themselves as significantly more
effective than women rated themselves
in organizational studies.
Women were rated as significantly more
effective than men in organizational
settings; there were no differences in
laboratory settings.
There were no significant
differences across study
settings.