Ward (2007) confirms the idea of knowing one’s true self as an ethical task. Therefore, the author argues that spiritual development is what the defining purpose of one’s life becomes. The author, coming from a Judeo-Christian perspective, notes that one cannot know oneself without spirituality influencing and directing that process. The author concurs that inward development of an ethical leader does not occur in a scientific manner but rather a spiritual one.
Lewis (1944) argues that man must be taught proper values. The author states that the corrupt man is born blinded to just values and ethics. “One must be trained to feel pleasure, liking, disgust and hatred at those things which really are pleasant, likeable, disgusting and hateful” (p. 19). Ethical behavior, argued by the author, is not intrinsically known to man but rather must be learned. If a leader only learns with his head but not his heart the value of ethics, he is like a man without a chest. “The heart never takes the place of the head: but if can, and should obey” (p. 19). Therefore, an ethical leader must first by way of knowledge learn values and then by way of heart apply them to everyday life.
Malphurs (2004) reinforces the practice of values within an ethical leader’s life. Values are instilled by the means of practice. The author notes that followers are watching more what one does rather than what one says. If behavior is inconsistent, then the leader’s integrity is lost. Therefore, the author writes that an ethical leader can develop inner values only by application. A person grows through action. An ethical leader is produced with practice.