Nomenclature
Latin symbols
AR reference area (m2)
CD discharge coefficient (–)
CF flow coefficient (–)
de exhaust pipe diameter (m)
Dv valve head diameter (m)
e specific internal energy (J/kg)
m_ real actual mass flow rate (kg/s)
Lv valve lift (m)
p pressure (Pa)
q heat flux (W=m2)
R specific gas constant (J=ðkg KÞ)
S strain rate tensor (1/s)
t time (s)
T temperature (K)
u velocity (m/s)
x spatial coordinate (m)
Greek symbols
d Kronecker-delta function (–)
q density (kg=m3)
l dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
c ratio of specific heats (–)
r viscous stress tensor (Pa)
Abbreviations
ALE Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian
CAD crank angle degrees (deg)
LES Large Eddy Simulation
PIV particle image velocimetry
RANS Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes
Subscripts
0 stagnation or total state
s static state