Heterogeneity
Many scholars conclude that only very small groups can
organise themselves effectively because they presume
that size is related to the homogeneity of a group and
that homogeneity is needed to initiate and sustain self-
governance. Heterogeneity is also a highly contested
variable. Groups can vary along a diversity of
dimensions including their cultural backgrounds,
interests and endowments (see Baland and Platteau
1996). Each may operate differently. Further, groups
who are relatively homogeneous may also find
themselves confronted with high levels of conflict when
rules related to access to forest resources are not well
defined (see Gibson and Koontz forthcoming).