Lawler et al. (2000) point out that the hierarchical nature of Asian cultures hinders the
effectiveness of HPWS. They argue that human resource systems in East and Southeast Asian
regions are fairly hierarchical and nonparticipative. The emphasis on harmonious relationship
may militate against innovation and change. It seems that Asian collectivism is more akin to vertical collectivism. Thomas and Au (1999) explain vertical collectivism as a form of collectivism where individuals see themselves as a part of an in-group where there are differences in status. Inequality, hierarchical distinctions, and pressure to conform are the
norms in such a group. Individuals would be expected to exhibit less voice in such a setting