2.3. Characterization of ACs
An X-ray diffractometer (D2 Phaser, Bruker, Germany) with
Cu–Ka radiation was used to analyze the structural characteristics
of AC and OACs. The textural properties of the carbonaceous
materials were measured at 196 C using a surface area and
porosity analyzer (Tristar II 3020, Micromeritics, USA) by nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements. All of the adsorbents were
evacuated at 150 C for 12 h before nitrogen adsorption. The Bru
nauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Langmuir equations were applied
to estimate the BET and Langmuir surface areas, respectively. The
adsorbed amounts of nitrogen (at P/P0 = 0.99) were used to determine
the total pore volumes of the studied samples.