One issue is measurement of the nursing practice environment. While validated measures are available, several Japanese studies have devised their own original questionnaires to assess aspects of the hospital environment, examining associations with nurses’ intention to leave or stay, job satisfaction, burnout, and medication errors. Overall, Japanese nurses seem to value similar aspects of the practice environment and confront issues consistent with nurses in other countries, including a lack of nurses’ participation in hospital governance, insufficient positive feedback from ward nurse managers, and insufficient nurse staffing levels. However, failure to use a validated scale makes it difficult to compare and synthesize these studies due to differences in measurement. Internationally, the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work is the most widely reported measure used to assess nursing practice environments. It has 31 items and five subscales to measure both hospital- and unit-level environments: (i) nurse participation in hospital affairs; (ii) nursing foundations for quality of care; (iii) nurse manager ability, leadership, and support of nurses; (iv) staffing and resource adequacy; and (v) collegial nurse–physician relations.A Japanese version of the PES-NWI is also available.