We observe three main di®erences between the CLPSO and the
original PSO [16].
1- Instead of using particle's own pbest and gbest as the exemplars,
all particles' pbest's can potentially be used as the exemplars to
guide a particle's °ying direction.
2- Instead of learning from the same exemplar particle for all
dimensions, each dimension of a particle in general can learn from
di®erent pbest's for di®erent dimensions for a few generations.
In other words, each dimension of a particle may learn from the
corresponding dimension of di®erent particle's pbest.
3- Instead of learning from two exemplars (gbest and pbest) at the
same time in every generation as in the original PSO (7), each
dimension of a particle learns from just one exemplar for a few
generations. More details about CLPSO can be found in [16].