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Ancient grid plans[edit]The grid pl
Ancient grid plans[edit]
The grid plan dates from antiquity and originated in multiple cultures; some of the earliest planned cities were built using grid plans.
By 2600 BC, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (present-day Pakistan), were built with blocks divided by a grid of straight streets, running north-south and east-west. Each block was subdivided by small lanes. The cities and monasteries of Gandhara (e.g. Sirkap and Taxila), dating to 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD, also had grid-based designs. Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan since 1959, was also founded on the grid-plan of the nearby ruined city of Sirkap.[1]
A workers' village (2570-2500 BC) at Giza, Egypt, housed a rotating labor force and was laid out in blocks of long galleries separated by streets in a formal grid. Many pyramid-cult cities used a common orientation: a north-south axis from the royal palace and an east-west axis from the temple meeting at a central plaza where King and God merged and crossed.
Hammurabi (17th century BC) was a king of the Babylonian Empire who made Babylon one of the greatest cities in antiquity. He rebuilt Babylon, building and restoring temples, city walls, public buildings, and building canals for irrigation. The streets of Babylon were wide and straight, intersected approximately at right angles, and were paved with bricks and bitumen.
The tradition of grid plans is continuous in China from the 15th century BC onward in the traditional urban planning of various ancient Chinese states. Guidelines put into written form in the Kaogongji during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) stated: "a capital city should be square on plan. Three gates on each side of the perimeter lead into the nine main streets that crisscross the city and define its grid-pattern. And for its layout the city should have the Royal Court situated in the south, the Marketplace in the north, the Imperial Ancestral Temple in the east and the Altar to the Gods of Land and Grain in the west."
Teotihuacan, near modern-day Mexico City, is the largest ancient grid-plan site in the Americas. The city's grid covered eight square miles.
Perhaps the most well-known grid system is that spread through the colonies of the Roman Empire. The archetypal Roman Grid was introduced to Italy first by the Greeks, with such information transferred by way of trade and conquest.[2]
Although the grid was an idea present in Hellenic societal and city planning, it was not pervasive prior to the 5th century BC. However, it slowly gained primacy through the work of Hippodamus of Miletus, who slowly planned and replanned many Greek cities in accordance with this form.[3] The concept of a grid being the ideal method of town-planning became widely accepted by the time of Alexander the Great. His conquests were a step in the propagation of the grid plan throughout colonies, some as far-flung as Taxila in Pakistan,[3] that would later be mirrored by the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Greek grid had its streets aligned roughly in relation to the cardinal points[3] and generally looked to take advantage of visual cues based on the hilly landscape typical of Greece and Asia Minor.[4] This was probably best exemplified in Priene, in present-day western Turkey, where the orthogonal city grid was laid out according with respect to the cardinal points, on sloping terrain that struck views out towards a river and the aforementioned city of Miletus.[5]
The Etruscan people, whose territories encompassed what would eventually become Rome (Rix cited in Woodward 2008),[6] founded what is now the Italian city of Marzabotto at the end of the 6th century BC. It was based on Greek Ionic ideas, and it was here that the main east-west and north-south axes of a town (the decumanus maximus and cardo maximus respectively) could first be seen in Italy.[2] According to Stanislawski,[2] there is little evidence that the Romans adopted the Etruscan model at Marzabatto early in their expansion. Instead, the Roman Grid was spread around the Mediterranean and into northern Europe later on during "the late Republic and the early Empire" period that saw dissemination of the grid plan throughout this area.[2]
The grid plan dates from antiquity and originated in multiple cultures; some of the earliest planned cities were built using grid plans.
By 2600 BC, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (present-day Pakistan), were built with blocks divided by a grid of straight streets, running north-south and east-west. Each block was subdivided by small lanes. The cities and monasteries of Gandhara (e.g. Sirkap and Taxila), dating to 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD, also had grid-based designs. Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan since 1959, was also founded on the grid-plan of the nearby ruined city of Sirkap.[1]
A workers' village (2570-2500 BC) at Giza, Egypt, housed a rotating labor force and was laid out in blocks of long galleries separated by streets in a formal grid. Many pyramid-cult cities used a common orientation: a north-south axis from the royal palace and an east-west axis from the temple meeting at a central plaza where King and God merged and crossed.
Hammurabi (17th century BC) was a king of the Babylonian Empire who made Babylon one of the greatest cities in antiquity. He rebuilt Babylon, building and restoring temples, city walls, public buildings, and building canals for irrigation. The streets of Babylon were wide and straight, intersected approximately at right angles, and were paved with bricks and bitumen.
The tradition of grid plans is continuous in China from the 15th century BC onward in the traditional urban planning of various ancient Chinese states. Guidelines put into written form in the Kaogongji during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) stated: "a capital city should be square on plan. Three gates on each side of the perimeter lead into the nine main streets that crisscross the city and define its grid-pattern. And for its layout the city should have the Royal Court situated in the south, the Marketplace in the north, the Imperial Ancestral Temple in the east and the Altar to the Gods of Land and Grain in the west."
Teotihuacan, near modern-day Mexico City, is the largest ancient grid-plan site in the Americas. The city's grid covered eight square miles.
Perhaps the most well-known grid system is that spread through the colonies of the Roman Empire. The archetypal Roman Grid was introduced to Italy first by the Greeks, with such information transferred by way of trade and conquest.[2]
Although the grid was an idea present in Hellenic societal and city planning, it was not pervasive prior to the 5th century BC. However, it slowly gained primacy through the work of Hippodamus of Miletus, who slowly planned and replanned many Greek cities in accordance with this form.[3] The concept of a grid being the ideal method of town-planning became widely accepted by the time of Alexander the Great. His conquests were a step in the propagation of the grid plan throughout colonies, some as far-flung as Taxila in Pakistan,[3] that would later be mirrored by the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Greek grid had its streets aligned roughly in relation to the cardinal points[3] and generally looked to take advantage of visual cues based on the hilly landscape typical of Greece and Asia Minor.[4] This was probably best exemplified in Priene, in present-day western Turkey, where the orthogonal city grid was laid out according with respect to the cardinal points, on sloping terrain that struck views out towards a river and the aforementioned city of Miletus.[5]
The Etruscan people, whose territories encompassed what would eventually become Rome (Rix cited in Woodward 2008),[6] founded what is now the Italian city of Marzabotto at the end of the 6th century BC. It was based on Greek Ionic ideas, and it was here that the main east-west and north-south axes of a town (the decumanus maximus and cardo maximus respectively) could first be seen in Italy.[2] According to Stanislawski,[2] there is little evidence that the Romans adopted the Etruscan model at Marzabatto early in their expansion. Instead, the Roman Grid was spread around the Mediterranean and into northern Europe later on during "the late Republic and the early Empire" period that saw dissemination of the grid plan throughout this area.[2]
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Ancient grid plans[edit]The grid plan dates from antiquity and originated in multiple cultures; some of the earliest planned cities were built using grid plans.By 2600 BC, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (present-day Pakistan), were built with blocks divided by a grid of straight streets, running north-south and east-west. Each block was subdivided by small lanes. The cities and monasteries of Gandhara (e.g. Sirkap and Taxila), dating to 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD, also had grid-based designs. Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan since 1959, was also founded on the grid-plan of the nearby ruined city of Sirkap.[1]A workers' village (2570-2500 BC) at Giza, Egypt, housed a rotating labor force and was laid out in blocks of long galleries separated by streets in a formal grid. Many pyramid-cult cities used a common orientation: a north-south axis from the royal palace and an east-west axis from the temple meeting at a central plaza where King and God merged and crossed.Hammurabi (17th century BC) was a king of the Babylonian Empire who made Babylon one of the greatest cities in antiquity. He rebuilt Babylon, building and restoring temples, city walls, public buildings, and building canals for irrigation. The streets of Babylon were wide and straight, intersected approximately at right angles, and were paved with bricks and bitumen.The tradition of grid plans is continuous in China from the 15th century BC onward in the traditional urban planning of various ancient Chinese states. Guidelines put into written form in the Kaogongji during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) stated: "a capital city should be square on plan. Three gates on each side of the perimeter lead into the nine main streets that crisscross the city and define its grid-pattern. And for its layout the city should have the Royal Court situated in the south, the Marketplace in the north, the Imperial Ancestral Temple in the east and the Altar to the Gods of Land and Grain in the west."Teotihuacan, near modern-day Mexico City, is the largest ancient grid-plan site in the Americas. The city's grid covered eight square miles.Perhaps the most well-known grid system is that spread through the colonies of the Roman Empire. The archetypal Roman Grid was introduced to Italy first by the Greeks, with such information transferred by way of trade and conquest.[2]Although the grid was an idea present in Hellenic societal and city planning, it was not pervasive prior to the 5th century BC. However, it slowly gained primacy through the work of Hippodamus of Miletus, who slowly planned and replanned many Greek cities in accordance with this form.[3] The concept of a grid being the ideal method of town-planning became widely accepted by the time of Alexander the Great. His conquests were a step in the propagation of the grid plan throughout colonies, some as far-flung as Taxila in Pakistan,[3] that would later be mirrored by the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Greek grid had its streets aligned roughly in relation to the cardinal points[3] and generally looked to take advantage of visual cues based on the hilly landscape typical of Greece and Asia Minor.[4] This was probably best exemplified in Priene, in present-day western Turkey, where the orthogonal city grid was laid out according with respect to the cardinal points, on sloping terrain that struck views out towards a river and the aforementioned city of Miletus.[5]The Etruscan people, whose territories encompassed what would eventually become Rome (Rix cited in Woodward 2008),[6] founded what is now the Italian city of Marzabotto at the end of the 6th century BC. It was based on Greek Ionic ideas, and it was here that the main east-west and north-south axes of a town (the decumanus maximus and cardo maximus respectively) could first be seen in Italy.[2] According to Stanislawski,[2] there is little evidence that the Romans adopted the Etruscan model at Marzabatto early in their expansion. Instead, the Roman Grid was spread around the Mediterranean and into northern Europe later on during "the late Republic and the early Empire" period that saw dissemination of the grid plan throughout this area.[2]
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Ancient grid plans[edit]
The grid plan dates from antiquity and originated in multiple cultures; some of the earliest planned cities were built using grid plans.
By 2600 BC, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (present-day Pakistan), were built with blocks divided by a grid of straight streets, running north-south and east-west. Each block was subdivided by small lanes. The cities and monasteries of Gandhara (e.g. Sirkap and Taxila), dating to 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD, also had grid-based designs. Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan since 1959, was also founded on the grid-plan of the nearby ruined city of Sirkap.[1]
A workers' village (2570-2500 BC) at Giza, Egypt, housed a rotating labor force and was laid out in blocks of long galleries separated by streets in a formal grid. Many pyramid-cult cities used a common orientation: a north-south axis from the royal palace and an east-west axis from the temple meeting at a central plaza where King and God merged and crossed.
Hammurabi (17th century BC) was a king of the Babylonian Empire who made Babylon one of the greatest cities in antiquity. He rebuilt Babylon, building and restoring temples, city walls, public buildings, and building canals for irrigation. The streets of Babylon were wide and straight, intersected approximately at right angles, and were paved with bricks and bitumen.
The tradition of grid plans is continuous in China from the 15th century BC onward in the traditional urban planning of various ancient Chinese states. Guidelines put into written form in the Kaogongji during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) stated: "a capital city should be square on plan. Three gates on each side of the perimeter lead into the nine main streets that crisscross the city and define its grid-pattern. And for its layout the city should have the Royal Court situated in the south, the Marketplace in the north, the Imperial Ancestral Temple in the east and the Altar to the Gods of Land and Grain in the west."
Teotihuacan, near modern-day Mexico City, is the largest ancient grid-plan site in the Americas. The city's grid covered eight square miles.
Perhaps the most well-known grid system is that spread through the colonies of the Roman Empire. The archetypal Roman Grid was introduced to Italy first by the Greeks, with such information transferred by way of trade and conquest.[2]
Although the grid was an idea present in Hellenic societal and city planning, it was not pervasive prior to the 5th century BC. However, it slowly gained primacy through the work of Hippodamus of Miletus, who slowly planned and replanned many Greek cities in accordance with this form.[3] The concept of a grid being the ideal method of town-planning became widely accepted by the time of Alexander the Great. His conquests were a step in the propagation of the grid plan throughout colonies, some as far-flung as Taxila in Pakistan,[3] that would later be mirrored by the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Greek grid had its streets aligned roughly in relation to the cardinal points[3] and generally looked to take advantage of visual cues based on the hilly landscape typical of Greece and Asia Minor.[4] This was probably best exemplified in Priene, in present-day western Turkey, where the orthogonal city grid was laid out according with respect to the cardinal points, on sloping terrain that struck views out towards a river and the aforementioned city of Miletus.[5]
The Etruscan people, whose territories encompassed what would eventually become Rome (Rix cited in Woodward 2008),[6] founded what is now the Italian city of Marzabotto at the end of the 6th century BC. It was based on Greek Ionic ideas, and it was here that the main east-west and north-south axes of a town (the decumanus maximus and cardo maximus respectively) could first be seen in Italy.[2] According to Stanislawski,[2] there is little evidence that the Romans adopted the Etruscan model at Marzabatto early in their expansion. Instead, the Roman Grid was spread around the Mediterranean and into northern Europe later on during "the late Republic and the early Empire" period that saw dissemination of the grid plan throughout this area.[2]
The grid plan dates from antiquity and originated in multiple cultures; some of the earliest planned cities were built using grid plans.
By 2600 BC, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (present-day Pakistan), were built with blocks divided by a grid of straight streets, running north-south and east-west. Each block was subdivided by small lanes. The cities and monasteries of Gandhara (e.g. Sirkap and Taxila), dating to 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD, also had grid-based designs. Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan since 1959, was also founded on the grid-plan of the nearby ruined city of Sirkap.[1]
A workers' village (2570-2500 BC) at Giza, Egypt, housed a rotating labor force and was laid out in blocks of long galleries separated by streets in a formal grid. Many pyramid-cult cities used a common orientation: a north-south axis from the royal palace and an east-west axis from the temple meeting at a central plaza where King and God merged and crossed.
Hammurabi (17th century BC) was a king of the Babylonian Empire who made Babylon one of the greatest cities in antiquity. He rebuilt Babylon, building and restoring temples, city walls, public buildings, and building canals for irrigation. The streets of Babylon were wide and straight, intersected approximately at right angles, and were paved with bricks and bitumen.
The tradition of grid plans is continuous in China from the 15th century BC onward in the traditional urban planning of various ancient Chinese states. Guidelines put into written form in the Kaogongji during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) stated: "a capital city should be square on plan. Three gates on each side of the perimeter lead into the nine main streets that crisscross the city and define its grid-pattern. And for its layout the city should have the Royal Court situated in the south, the Marketplace in the north, the Imperial Ancestral Temple in the east and the Altar to the Gods of Land and Grain in the west."
Teotihuacan, near modern-day Mexico City, is the largest ancient grid-plan site in the Americas. The city's grid covered eight square miles.
Perhaps the most well-known grid system is that spread through the colonies of the Roman Empire. The archetypal Roman Grid was introduced to Italy first by the Greeks, with such information transferred by way of trade and conquest.[2]
Although the grid was an idea present in Hellenic societal and city planning, it was not pervasive prior to the 5th century BC. However, it slowly gained primacy through the work of Hippodamus of Miletus, who slowly planned and replanned many Greek cities in accordance with this form.[3] The concept of a grid being the ideal method of town-planning became widely accepted by the time of Alexander the Great. His conquests were a step in the propagation of the grid plan throughout colonies, some as far-flung as Taxila in Pakistan,[3] that would later be mirrored by the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Greek grid had its streets aligned roughly in relation to the cardinal points[3] and generally looked to take advantage of visual cues based on the hilly landscape typical of Greece and Asia Minor.[4] This was probably best exemplified in Priene, in present-day western Turkey, where the orthogonal city grid was laid out according with respect to the cardinal points, on sloping terrain that struck views out towards a river and the aforementioned city of Miletus.[5]
The Etruscan people, whose territories encompassed what would eventually become Rome (Rix cited in Woodward 2008),[6] founded what is now the Italian city of Marzabotto at the end of the 6th century BC. It was based on Greek Ionic ideas, and it was here that the main east-west and north-south axes of a town (the decumanus maximus and cardo maximus respectively) could first be seen in Italy.[2] According to Stanislawski,[2] there is little evidence that the Romans adopted the Etruscan model at Marzabatto early in their expansion. Instead, the Roman Grid was spread around the Mediterranean and into northern Europe later on during "the late Republic and the early Empire" period that saw dissemination of the grid plan throughout this area.[2]
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ตารางแผนโบราณ [ แก้ไข ]
แผนตารางวันที่จากสมัยโบราณและกำเนิดวัฒนธรรมหลาย บางส่วนของเมืองที่ถูกสร้างขึ้นโดยวางแผนใช้แผนตาราง
โดย พ.ศ. 2600 โมเ โจดาโร และ ฮารัปปา เมืองหลักของอารยธรรมหุบเขาสินธุ ( ปัจจุบันปากีสถาน ) สร้างด้วยบล็อกแบ่งตามตารางของถนน ตรง วิ่งเหนือ - ใต้และตะวันออก - ตะวันตกแต่ละบล็อกถูกแบ่งโดยเลนเล็ก เมืองและวัดของคันธาระ ( เช่นเซอร์กัป และกรุงเทพฯ ) กับสหัสวรรษบีซีเพื่อศตวรรษ AD ยังมีตารางตามการออกแบบ อิสลามาบัด เมืองหลวงของปากีสถานตั้งแต่ปี 1959 , นอกจากนี้ยังก่อตั้งขึ้นบนตารางแผนภาพที่ทำลายเมืองของเซอร์กัป [ 1 ]
ให้คนงานหมู่บ้าน ( พ.ศ. 2570-2500 ) ที่กีซ่า อียิปต์ตั้งอยู่ที่หมุน แรงงาน และถูกวางในบล็อกของยาว แกลลอรี่ แยกตามถนนในตารางอย่างเป็นทางการ พีระมิดเมืองหลายศาสนาใช้ปฐมนิเทศเหมือนกัน : แกนเหนือ - ใต้และตะวันออก - ตะวันตกจากพระราชวังแกนจากการประชุม วัด ที่เซ็นทรัล พลาซ่า ที่กษัตริย์และพระเจ้า
รวมและข้ามฮัมมูราบี ( ศตวรรษที่ 17 ) เป็นกษัตริย์ของอาณาจักรบาบิโลนที่บาบิโลน หนึ่งในเมืองที่ยิ่งใหญ่ที่สุดในสมัยโบราณ . เขาสร้างบาบิโลน , อาคารและฟื้นฟูวัด เมืองกำแพง อาคารสาธารณะ อาคาร และคลองชลประทาน ถนนแห่งบาบิโลนได้กว้างและตรง หางประมาณมุมขวา และถูกปูด้วยอิฐและน้ำมันดิน .
ประเพณีของแผนตารางอย่างต่อเนื่องในประเทศจีน จากศตวรรษที่ 15 เป็นต้นไป ในการวางผังเมืองแบบดั้งเดิมของชาวจีนโบราณต่าง ๆ ที่อเมริกา แนวทางการใส่ลงในรูปแบบการเขียนใน kaogongji ในระหว่างฤดูใบไม้ผลิและฤดูใบไม้ร่วงระยะเวลา ( พ.ศ. 770-476 ) กล่าวว่า : " เมืองหลวงจะเป็นสี่เหลี่ยมบนแผนที่สามประตูในแต่ละด้านของปริมณฑลไปสู่ถนนเก้าหลักที่ crisscross เมืองและกำหนดรูปแบบของตาราง . และรูปแบบของมันเมืองควรราชสำนักตั้งอยู่ในภาคใต้ , ตลาดในภาคเหนือของบรรพบุรุษ วัดทางทิศตะวันออก และแท่นพระของแผ่นดินและเมล็ดในเวสต์ . "
Teotihuac á n , ใกล้สมัยเม็กซิโก ซิตี้
แผนตารางวันที่จากสมัยโบราณและกำเนิดวัฒนธรรมหลาย บางส่วนของเมืองที่ถูกสร้างขึ้นโดยวางแผนใช้แผนตาราง
โดย พ.ศ. 2600 โมเ โจดาโร และ ฮารัปปา เมืองหลักของอารยธรรมหุบเขาสินธุ ( ปัจจุบันปากีสถาน ) สร้างด้วยบล็อกแบ่งตามตารางของถนน ตรง วิ่งเหนือ - ใต้และตะวันออก - ตะวันตกแต่ละบล็อกถูกแบ่งโดยเลนเล็ก เมืองและวัดของคันธาระ ( เช่นเซอร์กัป และกรุงเทพฯ ) กับสหัสวรรษบีซีเพื่อศตวรรษ AD ยังมีตารางตามการออกแบบ อิสลามาบัด เมืองหลวงของปากีสถานตั้งแต่ปี 1959 , นอกจากนี้ยังก่อตั้งขึ้นบนตารางแผนภาพที่ทำลายเมืองของเซอร์กัป [ 1 ]
ให้คนงานหมู่บ้าน ( พ.ศ. 2570-2500 ) ที่กีซ่า อียิปต์ตั้งอยู่ที่หมุน แรงงาน และถูกวางในบล็อกของยาว แกลลอรี่ แยกตามถนนในตารางอย่างเป็นทางการ พีระมิดเมืองหลายศาสนาใช้ปฐมนิเทศเหมือนกัน : แกนเหนือ - ใต้และตะวันออก - ตะวันตกจากพระราชวังแกนจากการประชุม วัด ที่เซ็นทรัล พลาซ่า ที่กษัตริย์และพระเจ้า
รวมและข้ามฮัมมูราบี ( ศตวรรษที่ 17 ) เป็นกษัตริย์ของอาณาจักรบาบิโลนที่บาบิโลน หนึ่งในเมืองที่ยิ่งใหญ่ที่สุดในสมัยโบราณ . เขาสร้างบาบิโลน , อาคารและฟื้นฟูวัด เมืองกำแพง อาคารสาธารณะ อาคาร และคลองชลประทาน ถนนแห่งบาบิโลนได้กว้างและตรง หางประมาณมุมขวา และถูกปูด้วยอิฐและน้ำมันดิน .
ประเพณีของแผนตารางอย่างต่อเนื่องในประเทศจีน จากศตวรรษที่ 15 เป็นต้นไป ในการวางผังเมืองแบบดั้งเดิมของชาวจีนโบราณต่าง ๆ ที่อเมริกา แนวทางการใส่ลงในรูปแบบการเขียนใน kaogongji ในระหว่างฤดูใบไม้ผลิและฤดูใบไม้ร่วงระยะเวลา ( พ.ศ. 770-476 ) กล่าวว่า : " เมืองหลวงจะเป็นสี่เหลี่ยมบนแผนที่สามประตูในแต่ละด้านของปริมณฑลไปสู่ถนนเก้าหลักที่ crisscross เมืองและกำหนดรูปแบบของตาราง . และรูปแบบของมันเมืองควรราชสำนักตั้งอยู่ในภาคใต้ , ตลาดในภาคเหนือของบรรพบุรุษ วัดทางทิศตะวันออก และแท่นพระของแผ่นดินและเมล็ดในเวสต์ . "
Teotihuac á n , ใกล้สมัยเม็กซิโก ซิตี้
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