The Indonesian data on the pattern of manufacturing investment, however, must be qualified, as they do not include the huge expenditures on the high-technology industries (strategic industries), particularly IPTN (Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara), Indonesia's state-owned aircraft industry, which was initiated in the late 1970s by Dr. B.J. Habibie, the then Minister for Research and Technology. For instance, much of the investment in the aircraft industry was financed by off- budget funds, including the Investment Fund and Reforestation Fund, which were not subject to the fiscal discipline normally imposed by the Minister of Finance. Expenditures from these off- budget funds were put under the discretionary authority of the President and therefore largely non-transparent. Adding these off-budget expenditures to the large explicit and implicit subsidies provided to the aircraft industry and the other strategic state-owned industries, including the shipbuilding industry, would obviously raise the figure on Indonesia's manufacturing investment in the 'high-technology industries'.