Similarly, HIV services need to address livelihood needs of adolescents living with HIV. While vocational and life skills training is commonplace in HIV programmes for adults, this is rare in adolescent services, but could be important for adolescents who, as in our study, were primary carers to their children. In a rare programme in Zimbabwe, adolescents affected by HIV were included within a community-based savings and life skills programme, which apart from empowering them economically, also improved their self-efficacy and self-esteem.