from secondary poverty, where they fall below the subsistence level because of the way in which they spend their money. (His purpose in doing this was not to show how badly the poor managed their money; he was trying to counter the argument that people were poor because of mismanagement. His survey showed that even if people managed their budget
perfectly, allowed themselves no luxuries and walked everywhere, many people would still
be in primary poverty: see Veit Wilson, 1983.) Both of these studies depend on the view
that poverty can be clearly and explicitly defined in terms of minimum needs.