We based our analytic approach on the nature of our research question. We were interested in answering the ‘‘population-averaged’’ question that isdWhat is the prob-ability that physicians would recommend TKA to a man over a woman? This approach is used when the results are important from a population health perspective. The corresponding ‘‘subject-specific’’ question would bed What is the probability that a given physician would recom-mend TKA to a man vs. a woman? This approach would be used to help a clinician decide whether to recommend treat-ment to their patient, for example.