Bernstein’s proclamations intensified the already existing, divergent reactions to resurgent capitalism and forced the theoretical articulation of two positions, each claiming Marxist orthodoxy. One position, that of Bebel, Kautsky, and the new center of the Second International, consisted of retaining the theoretical commitment to the revolution and goal of socialism, while pursuing reformist politics. Dieter Groh has aptly called this position ‘revolutionarer Attentismus’. A second position was most powerfully articulated by Luxemburg and Lenin, who launched relentless attacks on reformism and outlined their own theories of revolution, revolutionary organization and tactics, etc. Though these political essays were their most obvious theoretical attempts to revive revolutionary Marxism, they also took up the challenge posed by Bernstein’s claim that capitalism would not collapse on the basis of its own contradictions.