The importance of the
phytohormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA),
ethylene, and abscisic acid as primary signals in the
regulation of the plant’s immune response is well established
(Pieterse et al. 2009; Verhage et al. 2010). Upon
pathogen or insect attack, the quantity, composition, and
timing of the phytohormonal blend produced by the plant
depends greatly on the lifestyle and infection strategy of
the invading attacker. This so-called ‘signal signature’
results in the activation of a specific set of defense-related
genes that eventually determines the nature and effectiveness
of the immune response that is triggered by the
invader (De Vos et al. 2005). In recent years, molecular,
genetic, and genomic tools have been used to uncover the
complexity of the hormone-regulated induced defense
signaling network. Besides balancing the relative abundance
of different hormones, intensive interplay between
hormone signaling pathways emerged as an important
regulatory mechanism by which the plant is able to tailor
its immune response to the type of invader encountered
(Pieterse et al. 2009). Pathogens and insects, on the other
hand, can manipulate the plant’s defense signaling network
for their own benefit by affecting phytohormone
homeostasis to antagonize the host immune response
(Pieterse and Dicke 2007; Walling 2008; Grant and Jones
2009).
The importance of thephytohormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA),ethylene, and abscisic acid as primary signals in theregulation of the plant’s immune response is well established(Pieterse et al. 2009; Verhage et al. 2010). Uponpathogen or insect attack, the quantity, composition, andtiming of the phytohormonal blend produced by the plantdepends greatly on the lifestyle and infection strategy ofthe invading attacker. This so-called ‘signal signature’results in the activation of a specific set of defense-relatedgenes that eventually determines the nature and effectivenessof the immune response that is triggered by theinvader (De Vos et al. 2005). In recent years, molecular,genetic, and genomic tools have been used to uncover thecomplexity of the hormone-regulated induced defensesignaling network. Besides balancing the relative abundanceof different hormones, intensive interplay betweenhormone signaling pathways emerged as an importantregulatory mechanism by which the plant is able to tailorits immune response to the type of invader encountered(Pieterse et al. 2009). Pathogens and insects, on the otherhand, can manipulate the plant’s defense signaling networkfor their own benefit by affecting phytohormonehomeostasis to antagonize the host immune response(Pieterse and Dicke 2007; Walling 2008; Grant and Jones2009).
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