Another form of trade restriction is the voluntary export restraint (VER). This refers to the case in which an importing country induces another nation to reduce its exports of a commodity “ voluntarily”, under the threat of all- around trade restrictions, when these exports threaten an entire domestic industry. Voluntary export restraints have been negotiated by the United States and other industrial countries to curtail of textiles, automobiles, steel ,shoes, and other commodities from Japan and other nations. VERs have allowed industrial nations market use of them to save at least the appearance of continued support for the principle of free trade. When successful, VERs have all the economic effects of equivalent import tariffs, except that they are administered by the exporters. Foreign exporters are also likely to fill their quota with higher-quality and higher-priced units of the product over time (see Case Study 12-8).