There were no significant differences in fertility at day 35 post-insemination between the controls and
the various DUDI sub-groups. Only sows inseminated with 500 million viable spermatozoa in a total of
30 mL of fluid using the DUDI system demonstrated decreased total litter sizes when compared to conventional
insemination (P < 0.001). While conventional insemination normally uses 2.5–3.5 billion
sperm, the findings of this study suggest that DUDI can be used under ‘field’ conditions with sperm concentrations
as low as 750 million spermatozoa in 50–30 mL without any detrimental effect on fertility or
litter size. DUDI may provide a viable, robust alternative to IUI and DIUI, and has the potential to become
incorporated into on-farm insemination systems.