In the fields of health education and health behavior, the emphasis during the 1970s and 1980s on individuals’ behaviors as determinants of health status eclipsed attention to the broader social determinants of health. Advocates of system-level changes to improve health called for renewal of a broad vision of health education and promotion (Minkler, 1989; see Chapter Twenty). These calls for moving health education toward social action heralded a renewed enthusiasm for holistic approaches rather than an entirely new worldview. They are well within the tradition of health education and are consistent with its longstanding concern with the impact of social, economic, and political forces on health. Focusing merely on downstream (individual) causes of poor health rather than the upstream causes risks missing important opportunities to improve health (McKinlay and Marceau, 2000).