To list a few, spatial interaction modeling uses travel
time between any pair of interacting places (Fotheringham
and O’Kelly 1989); traffic demand forecasting relies on
an accurate estimation of travel time among locations in
various land uses (Black 2003); trade area analysis needs
the travel time between each store and each residential
area to define a store’s customer base (Huff 2003); and
accessibility measurement requires the travel time data
between supply and demand locations (Luo and Wang
2003).