Examining rival explanations. A fourth general analytic strategy, trying to
define and test rival explanations, generally works with all of the previous three: Initial theoretical propositions (the first strategy above) might have
included rival hypotheses; the contrasting perspectives of participants and
stakeholders may produce rival descriptive frameworks(the second strategy);
and data from comparison groups may cover rival conditions to be examined
as part of using both quantitative and qualitative data (the third strategy).