Personal resources
The questionnaire ‘Self-Efficacy, Optimism and Pessimism’(SWOP-K9) was used to analyse physicians’ personal
resources. This instrument assesses individuals’ perception of self-efficacy, optimism and pessimism on three scales (with nine items in total). The good test quality criteria of the SWOP-K9 questionnaire has been discussed in a previous publication.Resilience was evaluated by using the German version of the ‘Brief Resilient Coping Scale’ (BRCS), which
consists of four self-assessing items for resilient coping behaviour in difficult or unpleasant situations in the past.