The analysis included the four main stages: oil palm plantation,palm oil production (crude palm oil extraction and palm oil refin-ing), biodiesel production or transesterification into biodiesel(palm methyl ester or PME) and transportation at all stages. Theanalysis excluded the assessments of energy consumption associ-ated with facilities construction i.e. manufacturing machines, irri-gating structures, vehicles, etc. as well as manual labour. Thecalculations are based on 1 hectare (ha) per year of oil palm farm-ing area. Although parts of co-products such as glycerol can beexploited for cosmetics, kernel can be exploited for frying oil, saladoil, oleochemical industry, etc., these are currently being utilizedfor energy and will be considered as such. The decanter cake andempty fruit bunches (EFB) are used for fertilizer because of theirhigh nutrient content and will not be included explicitly as energyoutputs[9]. Also fibre will not be included because it is used as fuelin the crude oil extraction process itself. However, the effects of allthese are indirectly included anyway as they displace fertilizersand fuels in the life cycle of palm itself.