7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................141
7.2 Setting and Context ........................................................................................................141
7.3 Malayan Union and the Birth of the United Malays National Organization ..................144
7.4 Post Independence, New Economic Policy, and Malay Dominance ................................145
7.5 Centralization of Executive Powers under Mahathir .......................................................147
7.6 Administrative Values .....................................................................................................148
7.6.1 Close Ties with the Political Party .......................................................................148
7.6.2 Laws that Promote Secrecy, Continuing Concerns with Corruption ....................149
7.6.3 Politics over Performance .....................................................................................150
7.6.4 Increasing Islamization of the Civil Service .........................................................151
7.7 Ethnic Politics and Reforms ............................................................................................151
7.8 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................152
References ...............................................................................................................................153