The original instrument was modified by deleting items not appropriate for the
population under study, including open-ended questions to capture concerns particular
to the case being studied, and translated into Arabic. The Arabic version was given to
colleagues prominent in educational administration and leadership to evaluate its
comprehensiveness, clarity, and appropriateness. The instrument could be considered
valid from three perspectives. First, the original instrument was found to be valid at
Teachers College/Columbia University. Second, the instrument enjoyed a high degree
of face validity. Third, two experts in educational administration were requested to evaluate the instrument in terms of content, structure, organization, and
appropriateness to local culture.