1.4. Impulsivity and mindfulness as related to substance use
Consistent with previous literature, Murphy and MacKillop (2011) also discovered that both alcohol use and problematic al- cohol use were positively associated with facets of impulsivity. Furthermore, individuals endorsing problematic alcohol use were less likely to endorse certain facets of mindfulness (specifically Acting with Awareness, Nonreactivity, and Nonjudgment), in- dicating that they do not engage in these mindfulness practices. The authors postulate that while mindfulness and impulsivity are similar in some aspects regarding their relationships to alcohol use (i.e., negative associations generally exist with both regarding problematic alcohol use), they are still distinct constructs when examined individually (i.e., variation exists regarding which facets of mindfulness versus facets of impulsivity are associated alcohol use behaviors; Murphy and MacKillop, 2011).