for continuous data with or without a normal distribution, respectively. The baseline characteristics were compared using a v2 test for categorical variables and Student t test or Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables. Univariate correlations between hemoglobin and potential explanatory variables were assessed by Pearson correlation analyses. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify variables that were independently associated with hemoglobin. Age, sex, and clinically relevant variables with a P value ≤0.10 in the univariate analysis were fitted. CKD patients were stratified by the presence or absence of anemia and volume overload into 3 groups: no anemia, true anemia (relative OH <7%), or anemia with excess OH (relative OH ≥7%). Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs with unadjusted and multivariate adjusted models for the cardiovascular and renal outcomes separately. The proportional hazard assumption, the constant HR over time, was evaluated by comparing estimated log–log survival curves for all time-independent covariates. All assessed log–log survival plots graphically showed 2 parallel lines, indicating no violation of the assumption. A 2-tailed P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 20.0 software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).characteristics were compared using a v2 test for categorical variables and Student t test or Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables. Univariate correlations between hemoglobin and potential explanatory variables were assessed by Pearson correlation analyses. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify variables that were independently associated with hemoglobin. Age, sex, and clinically relevant variables with a P value ≤0.10 in the univariate analysis were fitted. CKD patients were stratified by the presence or absence of anemia and volume overload into 3 groups: no anemia, true anemia (relative OH <7%), or anemia with excess OH (relative OH ≥7%). Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs with unadjusted and multivariate adjusted models for the cardiovascular and renal outcomes separately. The proportional hazard assumption, the constant HR over time, was evaluated by comparing estimated log–log survival curves for all time-independent covariates. All assessed log–log survival plots graphically showed 2 parallel lines, indicating no violation of the assumption. A 2-tailed P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 20.0 software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).
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