Parameters
obtained from the resulting Kieffer force-distance curves were
(Fig. 1b): resistance to extension (break force; N), extensibility
(distance to break; mm), energy to break (mJ), and total energy
(area under the force-distance curve; mJ). Results are the average of
at least 12 measurements (analytical replicates, n 12) performed
on each dough prepared in duplicate (technological replicates,
n ¼ 2).