With the exception of the first sub-category, the preceding categories were examined and defined by Nolan et al. (1999). As indicated above, it should be noted that the correlational research articles were reviewed only to determine whether they were conducted in field or laboratory settings. They were excluded from further sub-classifica- tion because the JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT and JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY data could not be validly compared. Only three JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT research articles were classified as correlational, therefore there were insufficient data to make comparisons. Nonethe- less, this exclusion should certainly be taken into account when reviewing the results.