Table 3 presents the grade distribution of the six classes under study.
The observed and expected frequencies for student grades are shown in Table 4.
The single student with a grade of Incomplete in the face-to-face class of spring 2012
has been eliminated from this analysis.
A chi-square test of independence leads to a statistic of 8.16 (p-value .32).
A separate chi-square test of independence by eliminating the grade F generates a statistic of 6.51 (p-value .37).
Therefore, we cannot reject the null hypothesis:
Learning effectiveness as measured by student grades is independent of the mode of instruction.