The evidence on the effectiveness of these methods in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain is conflicting due to the high risk of bias among the studies.
A recent systematic review on the Back School method for patients with nonspecific low back pain13 found a total of 19 randomized controlled trials, with only 6 trials classified as high quality.
A total of 6 studies evaluated the effectiveness of this method compared with other conservative treatments for chronic low back pain, but these trials16–21 have some methodological limitations such as no concealed allocation, unblinded assessors, and absence of intention-to-treat analysis.
These trials have shown a greater effectiveness of the Back School method compared with a control group, a global strengthening program, and when used as an additional intervention with treatments such as exercise programs, medication, and
electrophysical agents 22 in patients with chronic low back pain for different outcomes, such as pain intensity, disability,quality of life, and recurrent pain.