In one recent case–control study, the use of bronchodilators during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of gastroschisis among infants (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 3.6).39 Also, in a recent cohort study involving 4558 women, exposure to bronchodilators during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of cardiac defects among infants (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.7).9 However, the reported increased risk of congenital malformations among infants whose mothers had asthma with exacerbations as compared with those who did not have exacerbations40 suggests that these associations with bronchodilators may be confounded by indication (i.e., underlying exacerbations may lead to the need for bronchodilators) or other factors, such as obesity or lower household socioeconomic status, that may be associated with both more severe asthma and congenital malformations.4