SAS No. 99 requires that audit teams brainstorm to identify fraud risks. Carpenter (2007) provides evidence that such sessions reduce the quantity of ideas, but not the number of high-quality ideas, and that fraud risk assessments are higher after such brainstorming sessions, particularly when fraud is present. Auditors can appeal to concurring partners, centralized technical staff or risk-management authorities when dealing with contentious clients about potential misstatements. In these circumstances, incentive and judgment problems can be reduced by appealing to people who are relatively more removed from the client