There are three main approaches in SMR, which are positivism (empiricism),
interpretation and constructivism (Table AI). Empiricism is the mainstream approach
of SMR. As the empirical models rarely reflect the statuses of the organization entirely,and the measurements of variables are inaccurate, only a handful of people might be able to use these models in strategic management practice creatively, so it is often regarded that strategic management theories are useless. Moreover, because the
empirical theories are based on experience or empirical testing, they can only be applied to repetitive phenomena. Empirical theoretical studies often lag behind practice and are labeled as “afterthoughts”. The overemphasis on empirical testing even makes some scholars look for asterisks rather than good theories (Bettis, 2012). For one-time, or rare,or non-testable phenomena, empiricism is not applicable, not to mention to provide theories to predict.