4.2. Myanmar Financial
Reporting Standards
Myanmar’s main accounting body,
the Myanmar Accountancy Council
(MAC), is responsible for the
adoption and implementation of
the Myanmar Financial Reporting
Standards (MFRS). MFRS has
adopted all International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRS)
standards except the following:
• IFRS 9: Financial Instruments
• IFRS 10: Consolidated Financial
Statements
• IFRS 11: Joint Arrangements
• IFRS 12: Disclosure of Interests in
Other Entities
• IFRS 13: Fair Value Measurement
• Interpretations from the Standing
Interpretations Committee (SICs)
and International Financial
Reporting Interpretations
Committee (IFRICs).
Besides the adoption and
implementation of accounting
standards, the MAC also governs
the qualification and certification of
auditors of the country.
The MAC sets a stringent set of
criteria in order to qualify as an
auditor, requiring that all auditors be
either a Certified Public Accountant
(CPA) or hold an accountancy
certificate or degree conferred by
any foreign country recognised by
the Myanmar Accountancy Council.
Additionally, auditors have to be
citizens of Myanmar and registered
with the MAC to obtain a Certificate
of Practice.
The law requires all companies to
submit audited financial statements
to the tax authorities annually by
30 June.
Foreign investors need to be mindful
of potential differences between
MFRS and IFRS when accounting for
their investments in Myanmar.
For example, many power plant
projects are awarded by the
government in the form of Build
Operate and Transfer (BOT)
contracts. MFRS may allow
companies constructing such
infrastructure assets to recognise
them as fixed assets. However, IFRIC
12 Service Concession Arrangements
(which has not been adopted by
MFRS) may preclude the recognition
of fixed assets, as such assets are
usually transferred back to the
government at the end of BOT term
for a nominal consideration. Under
IFRS, the company undertaking the
BOT contract would instead record
the arrangement as a service contract
and recognise both construction
revenue and operating/maintenance
revenue over the BOT term.
Myanmar companies undertaking
such BOT contracts would therefore
need to make an accounting
adjustment to comply with IFRS
before reporting to their foreign
investors.
The MAC also currently exempts
group companies from presenting
consolidated financial statements
as long as the stand alone financial
statements of each group entity is
filed with the authorities. Such an
exemption makes it more challenging
for Myanmar group companies
which will need to start preparing
consolidated financials in accordance
with IFRS 10: Consolidated Financial
Statements for the purposes of
reporting results to their foreign
investors or meeting loan covenant
requirements of lenders.
Although MFRS has adopted IFRS,
some accounting standards would
clearly be less relevant in the context
of Myanmar’s current financial
reporting landscape.
Complex financing options and
structured products such as
derivatives are not available in
Myanmar, and most Myanmar
companies are generally financed
by either regular bank loans or
shareholder loans. Accounting
for derivatives and hedging
transactions under IAS 32/39:
Financial Instruments: Presentation,
Recognition and Measurements
would hence be irrelevant.
Most Myanmar companies also
presently do not have share based
compensation plans and therefore
IFRS 2: Share-based Payment would
not be applicable.
4.2. Myanmar Financial
Reporting Standards
Myanmar’s main accounting body,
the Myanmar Accountancy Council
(MAC), is responsible for the
adoption and implementation of
the Myanmar Financial Reporting
Standards (MFRS). MFRS has
adopted all International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRS)
standards except the following:
• IFRS 9: Financial Instruments
• IFRS 10: Consolidated Financial
Statements
• IFRS 11: Joint Arrangements
• IFRS 12: Disclosure of Interests in
Other Entities
• IFRS 13: Fair Value Measurement
• Interpretations from the Standing
Interpretations Committee (SICs)
and International Financial
Reporting Interpretations
Committee (IFRICs).
Besides the adoption and
implementation of accounting
standards, the MAC also governs
the qualification and certification of
auditors of the country.
The MAC sets a stringent set of
criteria in order to qualify as an
auditor, requiring that all auditors be
either a Certified Public Accountant
(CPA) or hold an accountancy
certificate or degree conferred by
any foreign country recognised by
the Myanmar Accountancy Council.
Additionally, auditors have to be
citizens of Myanmar and registered
with the MAC to obtain a Certificate
of Practice.
The law requires all companies to
submit audited financial statements
to the tax authorities annually by
30 June.
Foreign investors need to be mindful
of potential differences between
MFRS and IFRS when accounting for
their investments in Myanmar.
For example, many power plant
projects are awarded by the
government in the form of Build
Operate and Transfer (BOT)
contracts. MFRS may allow
companies constructing such
infrastructure assets to recognise
them as fixed assets. However, IFRIC
12 Service Concession Arrangements
(which has not been adopted by
MFRS) may preclude the recognition
of fixed assets, as such assets are
usually transferred back to the
government at the end of BOT term
for a nominal consideration. Under
IFRS, the company undertaking the
BOT contract would instead record
the arrangement as a service contract
and recognise both construction
revenue and operating/maintenance
revenue over the BOT term.
Myanmar companies undertaking
such BOT contracts would therefore
need to make an accounting
adjustment to comply with IFRS
before reporting to their foreign
investors.
The MAC also currently exempts
group companies from presenting
consolidated financial statements
as long as the stand alone financial
statements of each group entity is
filed with the authorities. Such an
exemption makes it more challenging
for Myanmar group companies
which will need to start preparing
consolidated financials in accordance
with IFRS 10: Consolidated Financial
Statements for the purposes of
reporting results to their foreign
investors or meeting loan covenant
requirements of lenders.
Although MFRS has adopted IFRS,
some accounting standards would
clearly be less relevant in the context
of Myanmar’s current financial
reporting landscape.
Complex financing options and
structured products such as
derivatives are not available in
Myanmar, and most Myanmar
companies are generally financed
by either regular bank loans or
shareholder loans. Accounting
for derivatives and hedging
transactions under IAS 32/39:
Financial Instruments: Presentation,
Recognition and Measurements
would hence be irrelevant.
Most Myanmar companies also
presently do not have share based
compensation plans and therefore
IFRS 2: Share-based Payment would
not be applicable.
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