2.1.1. Value of goods and services
Even in this category, there is no single, consensus definition of value. Zeithaml (1988) alone offers four definitions. Competitive advantage comes from the ability to give target customers an offer with more perceived value than competitors' offers (Doyle, 2000; Kotler, 2003). This perceived value consists of three elements: perceived benefits of the product minus both the product price and the costs of owning it.