In order for students to become successful citizens
of their local and global communities, schools
must be transformed to provide intentional experiences
for students
to learn the knowledge
and skills required for
career and community
participation such as
collaboration, problem-
solving, grit, perseverance,
tenacity, and
self-control. Several educational
groups, such as
the Partnership for 21st
Century Learning Skills
Framework (http://www.p21.org) and the National
Research Council (2012), use the term noncognitive
factors to differentiate these attributes, skills, and
intrapersonal resources from content knowledge,
which they call cognitive factors. It appears that the
development of these competencies involve higher
forms of thinking (Conley, 2013). In this article,
the term developmental factors will be used to describe
these metacognitive learning skills.