The inclusion criteria were as follows: having being diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the International Classification of Diseases–Revision: 2013 (ICD-10: codes F20 to F25), being given oral antipsychotic medication, being able to attend a 1-hour session, being capable of verbal communication, and being aged ≧20. The exclusion criteria for the subjects were as follows: having an intellectual disability, refusing to participate in this study, and being difficult to seat during the sessions.