Aspects of illness and hospitalization that erode feelings of control include, for example, unavoidable and painful medical procedures, lack of information and uncertainty, long waiting times, and loss of control over eating and sleeping times (Taylor, 1979). It should be emphasized that additional loss of control results from unsupportively designed environments that, for example, deny privacy, are noisy, have rooms arranged so that patients cannot see out of windows, force bedridden patients to stare at glaring ceiling lights, or are confusing from the standpoint of way-finding (Ulrich, 1999).