To overcome this constraint, application of novel polymeric phases with higher affinity for more polar compounds have been proposed in different microextraction techniques [18].
Such developments have been typically occurred in SPME [19,20] and SBSE [21e23] procedures.
Moreover, thin films of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) [24], poly(vinylidene fluoride) [25], polyimide nanofiber [26] and chemically modified cellulose paper [27] have been applied as the polar sorptive phase in TFME