Evolution is usually considered a non-disruptive prog-ress in which survival is achieved by the fittest.
It is framed as an ebb and flow that emerges from the resistance of disruption to previous patterns of accustomed practice, and organizational and societal inertia (Cantwell et al. 2010).
Also, periodicity of institutional constraints in the pattern of evolution over time (Freeman and Louçã 2001; Freeman and Perez 1988) and its path dependence are recognized.
Advance in evolutionary process is cumulative, and occurs with mainly incremental changes bringing about a move-ment from one period to another (Mokyr 2002).