Figure 5EFFICIENTALLOCATION WITHBOTHFRICTIONS: POSITIVESHOCK TO THEINTERESTRATE. On the horizontal axis is the maximum size of the endowment shock (e). The thin lines withtriangle and square markers display the equilibrium after a positive shock hits the risk-free rate underflex-rates and sticky rates, respectively; the dashed line displays the efficient allocation with two policyinstruments. A subsidy is in place to remove the distortionary effect of monopolistic competition.positive shock hits the economy and interest rates are flexible (triangles line); and the competi-tive equilibrium in which a positive shock hits the economy and interest rates are sticky (squaresline). Note that, unlike in the decentralized equilibria discussed in the previous section, here asubsidy (h) is also removing the distortionary effect of the markup and restores the level of inter-est rates that would prevail in a perfectly competitive banking sector. For this reason, borrowingunder flexible interest rates in Figure 5 (triangles line) is now larger than borrowing in Figure 3(asterisks line).14The policy-maker undertakes two independent policy actions, one to address the distortion gen-erated by staggered interest rate setting (the macroeconomic friction) and another one to addressthe distortion generated by the occasionally binding borrowing constraint (the financial friction).Consider first the macroeconomic friction and then the financial friction.15The policy-maker firstraises interest rates by a factory>0 to restore the aggregate lending rate that would prevail un