All in all, collective bargaining for black workers remained at plant level
with unions largely reluctant to join the sector and area-based industrial
councils, partly because they perceived them to be conservative and limiting
(Godfrey, Theron and Visser, 2007, page 5) 4 and partly as a strategy to build
their strength at plant level. This enabled unions to win an increasing range
of collective bargaining rights including those relating to wages, work restructuring
and disciplinary action (Adler, ibid.).