Throughout our experiments, resulting amplicons from the realtime PCR microchips were extracted and subjected to conventionalgel electrophoresis. All successful real-time microchip PCR runs as determined by PMT output voltage increase also showed strong gel bands, validating our real-time microchip PCT result. Figure 7 shows examples of such confirmation results, including real-time microchip PCR results from Fv DNA (50 ng/sample), Pss B728a DNA (75 ng/sample), and B. glumae DNA (150 ng/sample). This confirmation also allows us to reduce the PCR reaction chamber volume of the microchip in the future, since the current chamber volume (8 ml) was simply determined based on the needed sample amount for off-chip gel electrophoresis conformation.