Chickpea flour increased bread specific volume but tiger nut flour
reduced it. When chickpea protein and emulsifier were added in the formulation, shortening increased and specific volume, and reduced initial crumb firmness. Bread elaborated with both chickpea and tiger nut flour maintained its baking characteristics (bake loss, specific volume, crust and crumb color and, crumb hardness) even when shortening and/or emulsifier were reduced or eliminated