French philosopher Henri Bergson introduced the concept of time as intersecting planes of consciousness and being that form an organic whole. From Bergson's extreme reworking of the idea of time where chronological order is de-stabiliized and " states of consciousness , even when successive , permeate one another " ( TFW 98) , the ideas of memory and experience were liberated from the constraints of liner separation. Writers reacted to these novel ideas , and Paul Douglass writes that many of the American modernists are heavily indebted to Bergson's theory of time, including Fitzgerald , Eliot , Frost, CAther , Stein , Henry Miller , and Faulkner.