Science education research focuses on studying variables relating to science content in connection with the process of learning. In this chapter, we examine the role of science education theories and tools for the teaching and learning of physical chemistry. We review research work on physical chemistry concepts, with emphasis on the areas of thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and quantum chemistry. Advances in problem solving research, and problems of the conventional expository physical chemistry laboratory are discussed. Finally, context-based approaches to teaching, the role of new educational technology, and active and cooperative learning are covered.