I won't try now to review all the brain regions that contribute to human emotions, a long list that includes the orbitofrontal cortex (behind the eyes), the ventromedial (bottom middle) prefrontal cortex, and the insula. More will be said below about how they work together to produce emotions. The key point is that definite brain areas such as the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala are known to be associated with positive and negative emotions, and such associations can be accomplished through coordinated neural firings. The patterns of neural firing that constitute representations such as concepts include the operations of neural populations in areas known to be involved in emotional processing. Such associations ensure that when the brain is representing some aspects of the world, it is simultaneously valuing it.