An addition to earlier ISSPP models across levels is described in the box at the top of Figure 1. This
addition reinforces the importance of the school context and how school leaders actively influence this
through developing a shared vision and mission and a positive culture, having appropriate structures,
people and processes in the school, the active engagement of stakeholders within and outside the school,
and the promotion of high expectations for all. This feature of the model builds on Drysdale and Gurr [25],
and reflects much of what is known about effective schools [64] and has sometimes been labeled as
pre-conditions for school improvement [65].