Fig. 4. Engineered metabolic pathways for the production of PHAs containing lactate monomer in E. coli. Lactyl-CoA biosynthetic pathways are strengthened by deleting major competing
pathways for pyruvate and acetyl-CoA, and by amplifying the lactate biosynthetic pathway (Cross marks represent blocked pathway; Jung et al., 2010; Jung and Lee, 2011).
Metabolites from inverse β-oxidation pathways, 3HV-CoA and 3HHx-CoA have been used for copolymerization with lactyl-CoA to synthesize novel lactate-containing PHAs