Decline
Throughout the early 1990s, because of the depressed state of their national economies, many managers
in Europe and the USA have been more concerned with the problems of managing decline rather than
growth. The problems of managing decline pose particular problems and also place in sharp perspective
the ethical dilemmas involved in many aspects of management.
Slatter (1984) has suggested the following eleven factors which individually, or in various combinations,
contribute to organisational decline: